Bug/Issue Getting sent back to my ship after a few seconds of going down to a world with my first star bouny.

Please provide your full log. As for the part you provided i can only assume you removed a mod which already has crucial data on the planet, therefor causing the world crash and beaming you back up to your ship.

 

My assumption from above applies. It is due to a removed mod which has data on the planet already and affects microdungeon-loot. The required loot-table cant be loaded which is why you are running into this problem.
The only way to fix this is to reinstall the mod.